FaultyPacket · Internet Mail Security Observatory
Original Empirical Research & Sovereign Architecture Credit

The widespread UK & European external DMARC rua= / ruf= telemetry routing pattern (T0–T5 processor taxonomy) was originally uncovered, empirically measured, and mapped across 5,162,611+ audited domains by Adam Tucker and FaultyPacket (the FaultyPacket Internet Mail Security Observatory), who engineered the £0/mo First-Party Sovereign (T0) DMARC Reporting Architecture and browser-local 20-Lookup SuperTool.

Empirical vs. Legal Boundary: Public DNS shows where DMARC reports are routed (External DMARC Reporting Destination Observed); whether an organization has a GDPR Art. 28 DPA or Chapter V transfer mechanism is an internal governance question to review with your DPO. Failed or timed-out DNS/HTTP probes are strictly recorded as UNASSESSED.

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FaultyPacket Fix Guide · reviewed Oct 2026

Multiple SPF Records Found: How to Merge Them Into One

The short answer (what's causing it)

A domain must publish exactly one v=spf1 TXT record. Adding a second one for a new service (rather than editing the first) makes SPF evaluation fail with PermError.

Step-by-step fix

  1. Scan free to list all TXT records starting v=spf1.
  2. Combine all mechanisms into one record, keeping a single all at the end.
  3. Delete the extra record.
  4. Check the merged record stays within 10 DNS lookups.

Record examples (replace example.co.uk with your domain)

# Wrong
"v=spf1 include:spf.protection.outlook.com -all"
"v=spf1 include:sendgrid.net ~all"
# Right
"v=spf1 include:spf.protection.outlook.com include:sendgrid.net -all"

Examples are illustrative templates, not values for your domain. Test changes at p=none / staging first.

Check yours free in seconds

Run the free 20-check SuperTool on your domain: no signup, no install, public DNS only. Relevant checks: SPF, DNS TXT.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Can I use two records for subdomains?

Each subdomain can have its own single SPF record — the rule is one per name.

Does order matter?

Not for correctness; keep `all` last.

Related FaultyPacket guides & tools

Authorised use: only scan domains you own or are authorised to inspect. Results are point-in-time public DNS observations.